Method and apparatus for the manufacture of high purity carbon monoxide

ABSTRACT

Compositions comprising at least 99.99% gaseous carbon monoxide, as well as pressurized cylinders containing such compositions. The compositions can have a Fe(CO) 5  content less than 1 ppb, a Ni(CO) 4  content less than 10 ppb, a water moisture content less than 5 ppm, and, a CO 2  content less than 2 ppm. Gaseous carbon monoxide purities of 99.998% and 99.999% are achieved by removing residual air from the gaseous carbon monoxide.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/193,323, filed Feb. 28, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No.9,567,226, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/038,539, filed Mar. 2, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,703,089, whichclaims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Patent Application Ser.No. 61/309,973, filed Mar. 3, 2010, the entire disclosures of which arehereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

Recently, there have been studies concerning the endogenous productionand the many physiological functions of carbon monoxide. Many studieshave looked at the roles of carbon monoxide in the immune, respiratory,reproductive, gastrointestinal, kidney and liver systems. Delivery ofexogenous carbon monoxide has found applications in many health researchfields and clinical settings. For example, studies have shown thatinhaled carbon monoxide protects tissue against several types ofinjuries, such as ischemia/reperfusion injuries associated withtransplants. Other studies are aimed at finding innovative,preventative, and therapeutic strategies based on the physiologicaleffects of carbon monoxide.

Several methods of manufacturing carbon monoxide exist. A process usingdehydrating formic acid and a dehydrating agent is of interest. (“PureCarbon Monoxide for Experimental Purposes,” April 1929, Industrial andEngineering Chemistry, 21, 4: 389-390. Concentrated formic acid (around85% NF Grade) is continuously fed into phosphoric acid (about 85%concentration, heated to the vicinity of 170° C.). The gaseous productsof the reaction, carbon monoxide and steam, are then led to awater-cooled condenser to dry the carbon monoxide gas, which is thenscrubbed using dilute caustic soda solution to remove traces of acidfumes. Analyses of the dried carbon monoxide gas show 99.9% carbonmonoxide or better. The gas was then compressed into cylinders forstorage. However, traces of impurities, such as carbonyls and carbondioxide, were present in the gas after compression.

FDA standards for 99.99% pure carbon monoxide require manufacturing incompliance with current good manufacturing practices (GMP) in avalidated process. The carbon monoxide gas must also be virtually freeof all impurities, including trace amounts of carbonyl and carbondioxide. To be approved by the FDA as an active pharmaceuticalingredient (API) GMP compliance must be achieved.

For gases, US FDA Title 21 CFR Parts 210 and 211 are applicable toassure batch uniformity and integrity of the drug product. APImanufacturers need also comply with ICH guideline Q7, which has beenharmonized with the GMP guide created by the International Conference onHarmonization, adopted throughout the European Union, Japan and the USA.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the invention is a method of making gaseous carbonmonoxide comprising degassing liquid formic acid producing degassedliquid formic acid; reacting the degassed liquid formic acid or adegassed gaseous formic acid with a liquid mineral acid at an elevatedtemperature producing a gas phase comprising carbon monoxide gas andwater vapor and a liquid phase according to the equations: HCOOH(liq.)→CO (g)+H₂O (v), or, HCOOH (g)→CO (g)+H₂O (v), condensing the gasphase producing liquid water and carbon monoxide gas; and, scrubbing andcompressing the carbon monoxide gas producing the gaseous carbonmonoxide, wherein the method is performed in at least the substantialabsence of metallic nickel, metallic iron, nickel-containing alloys,and, iron-containing alloys from contacting any of the liquids or gases,wherein the Fe(CO)₅ content is less than 1 ppb, wherein the Ni(CO)₄content is less than 10 ppb, wherein the water moisture content is lessthan 5 ppm, and, wherein the CO₂ content is less than 2 ppm.

The extremely low concentration of carbonyl-containing impurities isvery advantageous. In particular, the low concentration Ni(CO)₄ ishighly advantageous to providing the instant high purity carbonmonoxide. By the phrase “substantial absence” of the listed reactivemetallic materials it is meant that their absence from contacting any ofthe liquid or gases is sufficient to achieve the listed concentrationsof contaminants, such as the carbonyl-containing compounds, moisture andthe like, and to achieve at least 99.99% pure compressed carbon monoxideend product. Liquid carbon monoxide is not made or contemplated by anyaspect or embodiment of the instant invention.

In an exemplary embodiment of the method, the scrubbed and compressedcarbon monoxide gas has a purity of at least 99.99%.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method furthercomprises removing residual air from the scrubbed and compressed carbonmonoxide gas providing a purity of at least 99.998% or 99.999%.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method is performedcontinuously, semi-continuously or batch wise.

In another exemplary embodiment, the mineral acid comprises phosphoricacid, sulfuric acid or a combination thereof.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the mineral acidcomprises phosphoric acid.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the concentration of thephosphoric acid is in the range of 85% to 88%.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the elevated temperatureis in the range of 101° C. to 180° C.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the liquid phasecomprises un-reacted and degassed liquid and/or gaseous formic acid andliquid phosphoric acid, and, the phosphoric acid is regenerated.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method is performedcontinuously and in a controlled manner. The reaction is performed at asubstantially constant elevated temperature, the concentration of thedegassed liquid or gaseous formic acid is substantially constant overtime by reacting additional degassed liquid or gaseous formic acid withthe liquid phosphoric acid, and, the rate of reaction is controlled bycontrolling the rate of degassed liquid or gaseous formic acid availablefor reaction with the liquid phosphoric acid. A computer and relatedequipment may be used to control the process and apparatus.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the carbon monoxide gasis scrubbed with a caustic solution comprising NaOH at a concentrationin the range of 2% to 10%.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method is performedcontinuously, and, the caustic solution is replenished continuously.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method is performedsemi-continuously. The carbon monoxide gas is scrubbed with a causticsolution comprising NaOH, the caustic solution is depleted to no lessthan a predetermined depleted concentration, and, the concentration ofthe caustic solution is regenerated upon reaching the predetermineddepleted concentration.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method furthercomprises chilling the scrubbed carbon monoxide gas to a temperature inthe range of −30° C. to −90° C. producing a scrubbed and chilled carbonmonoxide gas.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the 99.99% pure carbonmonoxide gas is compressed to a pressure in the range of 1000 psig to2200 psig or 1500 psig to 2200 psig.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method furthercomprises drying the scrubbed and/or chilled carbon monoxide gas.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method furthercomprises storing the compressed carbon monoxide having a purity of atleast 99.99% in a pressurized canister.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method is performedin at least the substantial presence of glass, a suitable copper alloy,a suitable aluminum alloy, titanium or a suitable titanium alloy, brass,a copolymerization product of a tetrafluoroethylene and aperfluoroalkoxy resin, or combinations thereof to contact any of theliquids or gases, and, the method is performed in at least thesubstantial absence of any metallic nickel, metallic iron,nickel-containing alloys, or, iron-containing alloys from contacting anyof the liquids or gases. An exemplary copolymerization material isavailable from Electro Chemical Engineering & Manufacturing Co.(Emmanus, Pa. and Port Allen, La.) under the tradename EC Duro-Bond PFALining. By the phrase “substantial presence” of the listed materials(non-reactive or inert) it is meant that their presence contacting anyof the liquids or gases is sufficient to achieve the listedconcentrations of contaminants, such as the carbonyl-containingcompounds, moisture and the like, and, to achieve the at least 99.99%pure compressed carbon monoxide end product. By the phrase “substantialabsence” of the listed materials it is meant that any contact betweenthe liquids and gases with the listed materials is sufficiently small toachieve the listed concentrations of contaminants, such as thecarbonyl-containing compounds, moisture and the like, and, to achievethe at least 99.99% pure compressed carbon monoxide end product.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method furthercomprises degassing the liquid mineral acid.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method furthercomprises degassing the caustic solution.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the elevated temperatureis above the boiling point of the mineral acid.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the elevated temperatureis in the range of 140° C. to 170° C.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method furthercomprises agitating the liquid phase.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the caustic solution iscontinuously maintained at a temperature in the range of 0° C. to 10° C.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the gas phase iscondensed at a temperature in the range of 2° C. to 15° C.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the concentration of thedegassed liquid or gaseous formic acid is in the range of 88% to 90%.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the concentration of theliquid mineral acid is in the range of 75% to 95% or 85% to 88%.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the liquid mineral acidis phosphoric acid, and, the concentration of fluoride in the phosphoricacid is less than 1 ppm. The fluoride content may be controlled by usinga “Thermal Select” grade of phosphoric acid, whereby the manufacturer'sspecification (ICI Performance Products LP, Creve Coeur, Mo.) statesthat it contains about 10 ppm fluoride, which prevents/reduces etchingof any glass surfaces.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the predetermineddepleted concentration is in the range of 0% to 2%.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method is performedin the absence (i.e., complete absence) of any metallic iron oriron-containing alloys from contacting any of the liquids or gases.Compressors employ some nickel alloy and stainless steel parts, so it isnot possible to completely eliminate nickel alloy from the method orapparatus, but the instant apparatus may be completely absent anymetallic nickel.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the method is performedin at least the substantial presence of glass, a suitable copper alloy,a suitable aluminum alloy, titanium or a suitable titanium alloy, brass,a copolymerization product of a tetrafluoroethylene and aperfluoroalkoxy resin, or combinations thereof to contact any of theliquids or gases.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the degassed liquidformic acid is employed in the reaction step.

In another exemplary embodiment of the method, the degassed gaseousformic acid is employed in the reaction step.

Another aspect of the invention is an apparatus for making gaseouscarbon monoxide having a purity of at least one of 99.99%, 99.998% or99.999% comprising a reactor vessel adapted to operate at an elevatedtemperature to generate a vapor phase comprising gaseous carbon monoxideand water vapor and a liquid phase, a cooling vessel adapted to condensethe vapor phase producing gaseous carbon monoxide and liquid water, ascrubber adapted to remove impurities from the gaseous carbon monoxideproducing the gaseous carbon monoxide having a purity of at least one of99.99%, 99.998% or 99.99%, and, a compressor adapted to pressurize thegaseous carbon monoxide having a purity of at least one of 99.99%,99.998% or 99.999% wherein the apparatus is at least substantiallyabsent any metallic nickel, metallic iron, nickel-containing alloys, or,iron-containing alloys from contacting any of the liquids or gases.

In an exemplary embodiment of the apparatus, the apparatus is absent(i.e., completely absent) any metallic iron or iron-containing alloysfrom contacting any of the liquids or gases.

In another exemplary embodiment of the apparatus, the apparatus isadapted to operate continuously, semi-continuously or batch wise.

In another exemplary embodiment of the apparatus, the apparatus furthercomprises a controller adapted to control the rate of reaction in thereactor vessel, and, the apparatus is adapted to operate continuously.

In another exemplary embodiment of the apparatus, the apparatus furthercomprises a chiller adapted to chill the scrubbed carbon monoxide gas toa temperature in the range of −30° C. to −90° C. to remove impurities.

In another exemplary embodiment of the apparatus, the compressor isadapted to pressurize the chilled and scrubbed gaseous carbon monoxideto a pressure in the range of 1000 psig to 2200 psig to removeimpurities.

In another exemplary embodiment of the apparatus, the apparatus furthercomprises a dryer adapted to dry the scrubbed gaseous carbon monoxide toremove impurities.

In another exemplary embodiment of the apparatus, the apparatus furthercomprises a pressurized cylinder adapted to store the compressed gaseouscarbon monoxide having a purity of at least one of 99.99%, 99.998% or99.999%.

In another exemplary embodiment of the apparatus, at least substantiallyany surface within the apparatus that contacts the liquids or gases isconstructed from glass, a suitable copper alloy, a suitable aluminumalloy, titanium or a suitable titanium alloy, brass, a copolymerizationproduct of a tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluoroalkoxy resin, or acombinations thereof. By “substantially any surface” it is meant thatthe listed materials contact any of the liquids and gases sufficient toachieve at least 99.99% pure compressed carbon monoxide end product.

Another aspect of the invention is a composition comprising at least oneof 99.99%, 99.998% or 99.999% gaseous carbon monoxide, wherein theFe(CO)₅ content is less than 1 ppb, wherein the Ni(CO)₄ content is lessthan 10 ppb, wherein the water moisture content is less than 5 ppm, and,wherein the CO₂ content is less than 2 ppm.

In an exemplary embodiment composition, the gaseous carbon monoxide hasa purity of 99.998% or 99.999%.

Another aspect of the invention is a composition comprising at least oneof 99.99%, 99.998% or 99.999% gaseous carbon monoxide made by the methodand/or apparatus above, wherein the Fe(CO)₅ content is less than 1 ppb,wherein the Ni(CO)₄ content is less than 10 ppb, wherein the watermoisture content is less than 5 ppm, and, wherein the CO₂ content isless than 2 ppm. In an exemplary embodiment of the composition, thegaseous carbon monoxide has a purity of 99.998% or 99.999%.

Another aspect of the invention is an apparatus for making gaseouscarbon monoxide comprising a reactor vessel adapted to operate at anelevated temperature to generate a vapor phase comprising gaseous carbonmonoxide and water vapor and a liquid phase, a cooling vessel adapted tocondense the vapor phase producing gaseous carbon monoxide and liquidwater, a scrubber adapted to remove impurities from the gaseous carbonmonoxide producing the gaseous carbon monoxide, and, a compressoradapted to pressurize the gaseous carbon monoxide, wherein the apparatusis at least substantially absent any metallic nickel, metallic iron,nickel-containing alloys, or, iron-containing alloys from contacting anyof the liquids or gases.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the instant chemical process formaking at least one of 99.99%, 99.998% or 99.999% pure compressed carbonmonoxide, whereby some details and auxiliary equipment (e.g., valves,instruments, control systems, utilities, etc.) may be omitted becausethey are not needed to understand the method and apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

There exists a need for 99.99% pure carbon monoxide being of very highpurity and lower carbonyl-containing content to meet the standards setby the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. There also exists a need forgaseous carbon monoxide being at least 99.999% pure having only traceamounts of carbonyl-containing metallic compounds.

As used herein, the term “purity” (and variations thereof) thatdetermined by adding together the content of all the impurities andsubtracting from 100%, which provides a mass balance purity value ratherthan an assay. An assay would have a variance of ±2% due to analyticalvariation at the extreme range values.

High purity carbon monoxide may be produced in a continuous process bydehydrating formic acid with a mineral acid. Various processingtechniques reduce the presence and risk of generating impuritiesincluding, but not limited to, system evacuation, degassing of thechemicals involved, and, selection of materials of construction. Thesedesigns have virtually eliminated the presence of impurities commonlyassociated with the production of carbon monoxide. For example, moisturecontent has been substantially removed from the carbon monoxide byfreezing it out of the gas stream. Thus, 99.99% pure carbon monoxidegas, or better, has been achieved.

Previous carbon monoxide manufacturing processes have only been capableof producing 99.9% pure carbon monoxide gas. The instant process andapparatus is capable of producing up to 99.99% pure carbon monoxide gas,which is up to a 100-fold improvement in purity.

In an instant embodiment, a steady stream of high concentration formicacid solution is reacted with a static quantity of high concentrationphosphoric acid in an agitated reaction vessel heated to a temperatureabove the boiling points of both water and formic acid (i.e., above 101°C.) but below the point at which vapor existing over the phosphoric acidbegins to contain P₂O₅ (and is no longer almost pure water). Thereaction also occurs at a pressure slightly above atmospheric pressure.

The feed formic acid (liquid or gaseous) has dehydrated and/or degassed.The reaction products exiting the reaction zone of the reactor includegaseous carbon monoxide, water vapor, and un-reacted (liquid or gaseous)formic acid. Regeneration of the phosphoric acid in the reactor vesseloccurs by boiling off any water or formic acid build-up within thereactor. Such regeneration occurs by maintaining the contents of thereaction vessel at a constant temperature and constant concentration.The bulk of the impurities in the gas stream (i.e., vapor phase) arethen condensed out and/or neutralized by contacting the gas with astream of chilled caustic solution, which is referred to as scrubbingthe gas.

The caustic soda solution is consumed by neutralizing any un-reactedacid, which can be replenished continuously by bleeding off some of thecaustic solution and adding a make-up feed—both at the samepredetermined rate that will allow the solution to remain at a specifiedconstant concentration and volume in the scrubber. This manufacturingprocess is a true continuous process.

The manufacturing process can also operate until the caustic sodasolution is depleted to no less than a predetermined percentage, whichis determined by the characteristics and performance of the scrubbercolumn. This manufacturing process is semi-continuous.

The scrubbed gas may be chilled to a temperature in the range of −30° C.to −60° C. to achieve purification by solidifying and removingsubstantially all moisture and carbonyl content. The chiller may be setat around −81° C.±5 C° to achieve sufficient chilling of the scrubbedgas. The scrubbed gas may also be compressed up to 2200 psig to furthersolidify or liquefy and remove substantially all moisture and carbonylfrom the gaseous carbon monoxide stream. Such compression is also usefulfor packaging the purified compressed gaseous carbon monoxide inpressurized canisters.

The scrubbed gas may also be passed through drying beds to removesubstantially all moisture content. The drying unit may also be designedand adapted to remove substantially all of the carbonyl content.

The materials of construction employed within the carbon monoxidepurification apparatus are essentially or completely non-reactive withcarbon monoxide. Thus, no carbonyls or other impurities are generated oronly trace/insignificant amounts of any impurities are formed. Someequipment includes reactor and storage vessels, valves, instrumentation,safety devices, pipes/conduits, scrubber, dryer, compressor and othersuitable equipment. The operating conditions and engineered materialsemployed are inert with respect to carbon monoxide, i.e., they do notreact with the materials of construction in and downstream of thepurification equipment and apparatus thereof.

The instant chemical process is based on the principal reaction:

The gas product contains nearly only carbon monoxide (CO) gas. Dependingon the reaction conditions, trace amounts of CO₂ and/or H₂ may begenerated according to the reaction:

To limit the formation of CO₂ and H₂, the reaction conditions areselected that limit the formation of these and other impurities.

The instant process is capable of removing substantially all CO₂, ifpresent, downstream of the reaction. The reaction is conducted atconditions that cause at least a portion of the resulting water and theun-reacted formic acid to be in the vapor phase. These gases are removedfrom the vapor phase (i.e., gas stream) downstream of the reaction.

The materials of construction are non-reactive (i.e., inert) with carbonmonoxide, but some equipment may have an insignificant amount ofnickel-containing parts, such as the gas compressor. As such, carbonylformation has been observed to be in the range of 0 to 10 ppb. However,the purification equipment is capable of substantially or completelyremoving such carbonyl content downstream of such potential formationsurfaces.

Shown in FIG. 1 is an exemplary chemical process used to produce highpurity and 99.99% pure carbon monoxide gas. The reactor vessel 8includes a jacketed, stirred reactor for the production of carbonmonoxide. The vessel 8 contents are heated by a circulating oil heater10. Other heating configurations for the reactor are useful; the jacketis one of several alternative means for heating the vessel 8 contents.During start-up, the reactor vessel 8 is charged with all chemicalsexcept formic acid, and the entire system is degassed by vacuum andpurging using CO. Much of the residual air found in the final productmay come from air dissolved in the formic acid. Other methods ofdegassing may be used, such as membranes, vacuum-inducing equipment andthe like.

The scrubber column 20 includes a caustic storage sump 18 and a scrubbercolumn 20 for removing impurities, which are chilled by a heat exchanger26. The compressor is a two-stage diaphragm compressor 32 and 42 havingan inter-cooler 34 and an after-cooler 44, along with their respectiveknock-out pots 38 and 48. The inter-cooler 34 may be a shell and tubeheat exchanger cooled by circulating glycol from a chilling unit, and,it is located immediately after the first stage compressing unit (i.e.,compressor 32). The after-cooler 44 may be a shell and tube heatexchanger cooled by circulating glycol from a second chilling unit, and,it is located immediately after the second stage compressing unit (i.e.,compressor 42).

Although many compressor manufacturers offer similar technologies toachieve sufficient pressures, alternatives exist which may or may notinclude a different number of stages, different cooling set-ups, or thelike. A valve 66 is provided to drain moisture and other condensedcontaminants at 38. Another valve 70 is provided to drain additionalmoisture and additional other condensed contaminants at 48.

The cryogenic chiller 52 downstream of the compressor freezes out tracecarbonyls and moisture at increased efficiency by operating at 1800-2200psig via a downstream back-pressure control valve 56.

The reactor vessel 8 is charged with 85% phosphoric acid. The scrubbersump 18 (also referred to herein as the caustic storage sump) may becharged directly with 10% caustic solution 14. Alternatively, the sump18 may be charged with water and concentrated caustic solution byblending them using a circulation pump 24.

These chemicals (i.e., the phosphoric acid, caustic solution, and water)may be degassed using the vacuum pump 62 to remove dissolved atmosphericgases. The formic acid may also be degassed using a suitable method toapproach a carbon monoxide purity of 99.99% or more. Even absentdegassing the formic acid, the total concentration of atmospheric gases(e.g., Ar, N₂, and O₂) was around 100 ppm, whereas CO₂ and carbonylswere in the low ppb range providing the carbon monoxide gas at a purityof at least 99.99%.

The phosphoric acid acts as a catalyst. The acid mixture is heated toabove the boiling point of the water/phosphoric acid mixture therebydistilling the water, but below the point at which vapor existing overthe phosphoric acid begins to contain P₂O₅ (and is no longer almost purewater). In one or more embodiments, the acid mixture, includingphosphoric acid, formic acid and water solution is heated to atemperature in the range from about 101° C. to about 180° C. Thetemperature of the phosphoric acid is maintained constant in order tokeep the corresponding concentration fixed as the reaction proceeds.Maintaining constant temperature and corresponding concentration isadvantageous because temperature and concentration are factors that mayaffect the rate, efficiency, and pathways of the reaction.

The formic acid is stream-fed 6 at a controlled rate into the reactorbelow the surface of the phosphoric acid via a dip-tube (not shown).Agitation ensures uniformity of temperature within the reaction zone.Agitation also enhances reactant-catalyst contact. Agitation alsoprovides bubble dispersion and increases reaction efficiency. Thephosphoric acid may also be introduced into the reactor vessel 8 viavacuum-suction 4, whereby the waste phosphoric acid 12 can be left tocool after the run and then drained via a drain valve 11.

The caustic solution may be chilled to a temperature no less than 0° C.in the heat exchanger 26 to enhance carbon dioxide absorption duringscrubbing. The chilled caustic solution also enhances removal ofmoisture and un-reacted formic acid from the carbon monoxide gas stream16. A temperature no less than 0° C. also avoids freezing within theequipment. The gas stream is scrubbed in a packed scrubber column 20with caustic solution for intimate contact and efficient heat transfer.Waste caustic 22 may be drained after the run using a drain valve 23.Semi-continuous operation may impose limitations on the concentration ofthe caustic soda solution due to physical or chemical factors.Continuous operation may avoid such limitations as lower concentrationscan be constantly maintained.

As the scrubbed carbon monoxide 28 exits the scrubber column 20, aback-pressure control loop employs a valve 30 to control the pressure ofthe reactor vessel 8 and scrubber column 20. Where necessary, thereactor vessel 8 and scrubber column 20 can be vacuumed separatelythrough its vacuum valve 58. Similarly, the compressor 32 and 42 can bevacuumed through a dedicated vacuum valve 60. This may be necessary attimes to evacuate the undesired contents of these systems. Pure carbonmonoxide from a previous run 2 may be added to ensure that on-speccarbon monoxide is obtained from the first cylinder and onward.

The compressor 32 and 42 serves a two-fold purpose; it enables thepackaging of the gas into cylinders at any pressure up to about 2200psig and it also serves to increase the efficiency of the inter-cooler34 and the after-cooler 44 to remove moisture in the gas stream. Thiscondensed moisture 40 and 50 can be later drained through drain valves66 and 70 on the bottom of the knock-out pots 38 and 48 whose functionis to separate and collect this liquid from the gas stream.

The cryogenic chiller 52 further removes any residual moisture from thegas stream by cooling at the higher compressor-discharge pressure, whichwork together to improve removal efficiency. The chiller 52 also removesor freezes out carbonyl traces so care is to be taken when dispensingwaste materials 54. Carbonyls have a very short half-life in nitrogenand/or air so carbonyls in the waste materials 54 are vented using avalve 72 after thawing. Nitrogen may be used as a carrier gas.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specificembodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes ofillustration, various modifications may be made without deviating fromthe spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is notlimited except as by the appended claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Reaction Conditions for Process and Apparatus Shown In FIG. 1. Theformic acid feed rate into the reactor vessel was set at 1.5 L/hour witha Grundfos DME/DMS metering pump. Temperature of the phosphoric acid inthe reactor vessel was maintained at 160° C. to 170 C.° with a JulaboHL-12 recirculation heater fitted with a booster. A 10% caustic recyclerate of 1 gal/min at 10° C. to 15° C. was used. The caustic solution wascirculated through a heat changer cooled by a Lauda T4600 recirculationchiller using a March 150 Series pump. The product was compressed usinga Fluitron A1 two stage compressor cooled by Lauda WK3200 and WK1400chillers. The compressed carbon monoxide was passed through a GrahamHeliflow cryogenic heat exchanger cooled by a Lauda Proline RP890recirculation chiller operated at a temperature of −81° C.±5 C.°. Thecompressed and chilled carbon monoxide product was filled into aluminumcanisters to a final fill pressure of 2000 psig.

Analysis of the final gaseous Carbon Monoxide Product. The analysis wasdone by a gas chromatography procedure that is used generally throughthe gas industry. The actual method was developed in-house. The methodassays for CO and a mass balance was used to measure gas purity. Themass balance is the value obtained by adding up the concentrations ofall the impurities and subtracting from 100.00. The impurities oxygen,nitrogen and argon were determined by gas solid chromatography usingthermo conductivity detection. The carbon dioxide impurity wasdetermined by infrared spectroscopy, and moisture was determined usingan on-line analyzer. Each occurred at the low part per million levels.The concentration of impurities was 1.1 ppm Argon, 39.4 ppm Oxygen, 94.2ppm Nitrogen, 0.8 ppm Carbon Dioxide, 1.7 ppm moisture. The mass balanceshowed a 99.99% purity of carbon monoxide. Other impurities included twocarbonyls: 10 ppb Ni(CO)₄ and 0.01 ppb Fe(CO)₅.

Example 2

In a repeat of Example 1, the concentration of Ni(CO)₄ was below 0.04ppm w/v, and the concentration of Fe(CO)₅ was less than 1 ppb w/v.Current processes can provide gaseous pressurized CO having 10 ppb orless Ni(CO)₄.

Example 3

In another example, residual air was removed from the carbon monoxidegas products made in Examples 1 and 2 providing a carbon monoxide gashaving a purity as high as 99.998%.

In another example, residual air was removed from the carbon monoxidegas products made in Examples 1 and 2 providing a carbon monoxide gashaving a purity of 99.999%.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “certainembodiments,” “one or more embodiments” or “an embodiment” means that aparticular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described inconnection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment ofthe invention. Thus, the appearances of the phrases such as “in one ormore embodiments,” “in certain embodiments,” “in one embodiment” or “inan embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are notnecessarily referring to the same embodiment of the invention.Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, orcharacteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments.

Although the invention herein has been described with reference toparticular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodimentsare merely illustrative of the principles and applications of thepresent invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatvarious modifications and variations can be made to the method andapparatus of the present invention without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present inventioninclude modifications and variations that are within the scope of theappended claims and their equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A composition comprising at least 99.998% gaseouscarbon monoxide, wherein the Fe(CO)₅ content is less than 1 ppb, whereinthe Ni(CO)₄ content is less than 10 ppb, wherein the water moisturecontent is less than 5 ppm, and, wherein the CO₂ content is less than 2ppm.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises atleast 99.999% carbon monoxide.
 3. The composition of claim 1, whereinthe composition comprises about 0.01 ppb Fe(CO)₅.
 4. A pressurizedcylinder containing the composition of claim
 1. 5. The pressurizedcylinder of claim 4, wherein the composition is at a pressure in therange of 1000 psig to 2200 psig.
 6. The pressurized cylinder of claim 4,wherein the composition is at a pressure in the range of 1500 psig to2200 psig.
 7. A composition comprising at least 99.998% gaseous carbonmonoxide, wherein the composition is substantially absent ofcarbonyl-containing compounds.
 8. The composition of claim 7, whereinthe composition is substantially absent of moisture.
 9. The compositionof claim 7, wherein the composition is substantially absent of carbondioxide.
 10. The composition of claim 7, wherein the compositioncomprises at least 99.999% carbon monoxide.
 11. A pressurized cylindercontaining the composition of claim
 7. 12. The pressurized cylinder ofclaim 11, wherein the composition is at a pressure in the range of 1000psig to 2200 psig.
 13. The pressurized cylinder of claim 11, wherein thecomposition is at a pressure in the range of 1500 psig to 2200 psig. 14.The pressurized cylinder of claim 11, wherein the pressurized cylindercomprises aluminum.